References

• Ames J.A. & Morejohn G.V. 1980. Evidence of white shark, carcharodon-carcharias, attacks on sea otters, Enhydra lutris // California Fish Game. Vol.66. No.4. P.196–209.
• Baird R.W. & Dill L.M. 1996. Ecological and social determinants of group size in transient killer whales // Behavioral Ecology. Vol.7. No.4. P.408–416.
• Baird R.W. & Stacey P.J. 1988. Variation in saddle patch pigmentation in populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) from British Columbia, Alaska, and Washington State // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.66. No.11. P.2582–2585.
• Baird R.W. & Dill L.M. 1995. Occurrence and behaviour of transient killer whales: seasonal and pod-specific variability, foraging behaviour, and prey handling // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.73. No.7. P.1300–1311.
• Baird R.W. & Stacey P.J. 1988. Variation in saddle patch pigmentation in populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) from British Columbia, Alaska, and Washington State // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.66. No.11. P.2582–2585.
• Baldridge A. 1972. Killer whales attack and eat a gray whale // Journal of Mammalogy. Vol.53. No.4. P.898–900.
• Barrett-Lennard L.G. 2000. Population structure and mating patterns of killer whales (Orcinus orca) as revealed by DNA analysis // Ph.D. Dissertation. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. 97 p.
• Belonovich O.A. 2011. Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) of the Commander Islands: summer feeding trips, winter migrations and interactions with killer whales (Orcinus orca) // Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas: A&M University. 150 p.
• Belonovich O.A., Fomin S.V. & Ryazanov S.D. 2012. [Transient killer whales of the Commander Islands] // [Marine Mammals of the Holarctic: 7th International Conference]. Suzdal: MMC. P.15–17 [in Russian].
• Bodkin J.L., Burdin A.M. & Ryazanov D.A. 2000. Age-and sex-specific mortality and population structure in sea otters // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.16. No.1. P.201–219.
• Burdin A.M., Hoyt E., Sato H., Tarasyan K. & Filatova O.A. 2004. Resident and transient-type killer whales, Orcinus orca, in southeast Kamchatka, Russia // Report to Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. SC/56/SM15.
• Courtney D.L. & Sigler M.F. 2007. Trends in area-weighted CPUE of Pacific sleeper sharks Somniosus pacificus in the northeast Pacific Ocean determined from sablefish longline surveys // Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin. Vol.12. P.292–316.
• Crovetto A., Lamilla J. & Pequeño G. 1992. Lissodelphis peronii Lacépède, 1804 (Delphinidae, Cetacea) within the stomach contents of a sleeping shark, Somniosus cf. pacificus Bigelow and Schroeder, 1944, in Chilean waters // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.8. No.3. P.312–314.
• Deecke V.B., Ford J.K. & Slater P.J. 2005. The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: communicating with costly calls // Animal Behaviour. Vol.69. No.2. P.395–405.
• Doroff A.M., Estes J.A., Tinker M.T., Burn D.M. & Evans T.J. 2003. Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago // Journal of Mammalogy. Vol.84. No.1. P.55–64.
• Doroff A.M., Hatfield B., Burdin A., Nichol L., Hattori K. & Burkanov V. 2011. Status review: sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population status and trend // Proceedings of XI International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. Vol.28. P.22–30.
• Doroff A.M., Hatfield B., Burdin A., Nichol L., Hattori K. & Burkanov V. 2011. Status review: sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population status and trend // Proceedings of XI International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. Vol.28. P.22–30.
• Emmons C.K., Hard J.J., Dahlheim M.E. & Waite J.M. 2019. Quantifying variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) morphology using elliptical Fourier analysis // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.35. No.1. P.5–21.
• Estes J.A., Tinker M.T., Williams T.M. & Doak D.F. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems // Science. Vol.282. No.5388. P.473–476.
• Filatova O.A., Borisova E.A., Shpak O.V., Meschersky I.G., Tiunov A.V., Goncharov A.A., Fedutin I.D. & Burdin A.M. 2015. Reproductively isolated ecotypes of killer whales Orcinus orca in the seas of the Russian Far East // Biology Bulletin. Vol.42. No.7. P.674–681.
• Filatova O.A., Ivkovich T.V., Shpak O.V., Borisova E.A. & Fedutin I.D. 2013. [Killer whales—fishers and hunters] // Priroda. Vol.5. P.28–37 [in Russian].
• Filatova O.A., Shpak O.V., Ivkovich T.V., Volkova E.V., Fedutin I.D., Ovsyanikova E.N., Burdin A.M. & Hoyt E. 2019. Large-scale habitat segregation of fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the western North Pacific // Polar Biology. Vol.42. No.5. P.931–941.
• Fomin S.V. 2021. The first confirmation of killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in the Commander Islands, Russia // Marine Mammals of the Holarctic: 11th International Conference. Moscow. P.143.
• Foote A.D., Vijay N., Ávila-Arcos M.C., Baird R.W., Durban J.W., Fumagalli M. & Wolf J.B. 2016. Genome-culture coevolution promotes rapid divergence of killer whale ecotypes // Nature Communications. Vol.7. No.1. P.11693.
• Ford J.K., Ellis G.M., Matkin C.O., Wetklo M.H., Barrett-Lennard L.G. & Withler R.E. 2011. Shark predation and tooth wear in a population of northeastern Pacific killer whales // Aquatic Biology. Vol.11. No.3. P.213–224.
• Ford J.K. 2009. Killer whale: Orcinus orca // Perrin W.F., Wursig B. & Thewissen J.G.M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. London: Academic Press. P.650–657.
• Ford J.K., Ellis G.M., Barrett-Lennard L.G., Morton A.B., Palm R.S. & Balcomb K.C. 1998. Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.76. No.8. P.1456–1471.
• Gaichas S. 2003. Squid and other species in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands // Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Region, Section 13. Anchorage: North Pacific Fishery Management Council. P.777–808.
• Garshelis D.L. & Garshelis J.A. 1984. Movements and management of sea otters in Alaska // Journal of Wildlife Management. P.665–678.
• Gerber L.R., Tinker M.T., Doak D.F., Estes J.A. & Jessup D.A. 2004. Mortality sensitivity in life-stage simulation analysis: a case study of southern sea otters // Ecological Applications. Vol.14. No.5. P.1554–1565.
• Goley P.D. & Straley J.M. 1994. Attack on gray whales in Monterey Bay, California, by killer whales previously identified in Glacier Bay, Alaska // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.72. No.8. P.1528–1530.
• Gotelli N.J. 2001. A Primer of Ecology. Third edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc. 290 p.
• Hanni K.D., Mazet J.A., Gulland F.M., Estes J., Staedler M., Murray M.J., Miller M. & Jessup D.A. 2003. Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters // Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Vol.39. No.4. P.837–850.
• Hoelzel A.R., Dahlheim M. & Stern S.J. 1998. Low genetic variation among killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the eastern North Pacific and genetic differentiation between foraging specialists // Journal of Heredity. Vol.89. No.2. P.121–128.
• Hoelzel A.R. & Dover G.A. 1991. Genetic differentiation between sympatric killer whale populations // Heredity. Vol.66. No.2. P.191–195.
• Hoelzel A.R., Hey J., Dahlheim M.E., Nicholson C., Burkanov V. & Black N. 2007. Evolution of population structure in a highly social top predator, the killer whale // Molecular Biology and Evolution. Vol.24. No.6. P.1407–1415.
• Hulbert L.B., Sigler M.F. & Lunsford C.R. 2006. Depth and movement behaviour of the Pacific sleeper shark in the north-east Pacific Ocean // Journal of Fish Biology. Vol.69. No.2. P.406–425.
• Ivkovich T., Filatova O.A., Burdin A.M., Sato H. & Hoyt E. 2010. The social organization of resident-type killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Avacha Gulf, Northwest Pacific, as revealed through association patterns and acoustic similarity // Mammalian Biology. Vol.75. P.198–210.
• Kenyon K.W. 1969. The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean // North American Fauna. California: UC San Diego. No.68. P.1–352.
• Kenyon K.W. & Wilke F. 1953. Migration of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus // Journal of Mammalogy. Vol.34. No.1. P.86–98.
• Kornev S.I. & Korneva S.M. 2006. Some criteria for assessing the state and dynamics of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the Russian part of the species range // Russian Journal of Ecology. Vol.37. No.3. P.172–179.
• Kotik C., Durban J.W., Fearnbach H. & Barrett-Lennard L.G. 2023. Morphometrics of mammal-eating killer whales from drone photogrammetry, with comparison to sympatric fish-eating killer whales in the eastern North Pacific // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.39. No.1. P.42–58.
• Krahn M.M., Pitman R.L., Burrows D.G., Herman D.P. & Pearce R.W. 2008. Use of chemical tracers to assess diet and persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic Type-C killer whales // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.24. No.3. P.643–663.
• Kubodera T., Watanabe H. & Ichii T. 2007. Feeding habits of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, and salmon shark, Lamna ditropis, in the transition region of the Western North Pacific // Reviews in Fish Biology Fisheries. Vol.17. No.2. P.111–124.
• Kuker K. & Barrett-Lennard L. 2010. A re-evaluation of the role of killer whales Orcinus orca in a population decline of sea otters Enhydra lutris in the Aleutian Islands and a review of alternative hypotheses // Mammal Review. Vol.40. No.2. P.103–124.
• Laidre K.L., Jameson R.J., Gurarie E., Jeffries S.J. & Allen H. 2009. Spatial habitat use patterns of sea otters in coastal Washington // Journal of Mammalogy. Vol.90. No.4. P.906–917.
• Lefort K.J., Garroway C.J. & Ferguson S.H. 2020. Killer whale abundance and predicted narwhal consumption in the Canadian Arctic // Global Change Biology. Vol.26. No.8. P.4276–4283.
• Lentfer J.W. (ed.). 1988. Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska: Species Accounts with Research and Management Recommendations. Washington, DC: Marine Mammal Commission. 275 p.
• Lucas Z. & Stobo W.T. 2000. Shark-inflicted mortality on a population of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) at Sable Island, Nova Scotia // Journal of Zoology. Vol.252. No.3. P.405–414.
• Mamaev E.G. & Burkanov V.N. 2006. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) and northern fur seals of the Commander Islands: Is it feeding specialization development? // Belkovich V.M. (ed.). Marine Mammals of the Holarctic: 4th International Conference. Saint Petersburg. P.347–351.
• Mamaev E.G. 2018. Present status of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris L.) population on the Commander Islands // Shpak O.V., Filatova O.A., Glazov D.M., Burkanov V.N., Belikov S.E., Kryukova N.V. & Demidova O.A (eds.). Marine Mammals of the Holarctic: 10th International Conference. Arkhangelsk. Vol.2. P.32–39.
• Marakov S. 1967. [Cetaceans in the waters off the Commander Islands] // Trudy PINRO. Vol.21. P.200–210 [in Russian].
• Martin R.A. 2004. Northerly distribution of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the eastern Pacific and relation to ENSO events // Marine Fisheries Review. Vol.66. No.1. P.16–26.
• Miller P.J.O.M., Shapiro A.D. & Deecke V.B. 2010. The diving behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca): variations with ecological not physiological factors // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.88. No.11. P.1103–1112.
• Morin P.A., Archer F.I., Foote A.D., Vilstrup J., Allen E. E., Wade P., Durban J., Parsons K., Pitman R., Li L., Bouffard P., Abel Nielsen S.C., Rasmussen M., Willerslev E., Gilbert M.T.P. & Harkins T. 2010. Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species // Genome Research. Vol.20. No.7. P.908–916.
• Morton A.B. 1990. A quantitative comparison of the behaviour of resident and transient forms of the killer whale off the central British Columbia coast // Reports of the International Whaling Commission. Special Issue 12. P.245–248.
• Mueter F.J. & Norcross B.L. 2002. Spatial and temporal patterns in the demersal fish community on the shelf and upper slope regions of the Gulf of Alaska // Fishery Bulletin. Vol.100. No.3. P.559–581.
• Murata S., Takahashi S., Agusa T., Thomas N.J., Kannan K. & Tanabe S. 2008. Contamination status and accumulation profiles of organotins in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) found dead along the coasts of California, Washington, Alaska (USA), and Kamchatka (Russia) // Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol.56. No.4. P.641–649.
• Nagaylik M.M. 2011. [Spatial population structure and behavior of killer whales off eastern Kamchatka] // Abstract of PhD dissertation, Biology. Moscow: Moskovskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet. 25 p. [in Russian].
• Nikulin V.S., Vertyankin V.V. & Fomin V.V. 2008. [Sea otters Enhydra lutris L. of the Commander Islands (a brief outline of the development of the population, 1957–2007)] // [Studies of Aquatic Biological Resources of Kamchatka and the Northwestern Part of the Pacific Ocean]. No.10. P.90–108 [in Russian].
• O’Donoghue M., Boutin S., Krebs C.J., Murray D.L. & Hofer E.J. 1998. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle // Oikos. Vol.82. No.1. P.169–183.
• Okey T.A., Wright B.A. & Brubaker M.Y. 2007. Salmon shark connections: North Pacific climate change, indirect fisheries effects, or just variability? // Fish and Fisheries. Vol.8. No.4. P.359–366.
• Oshchurkov V.V. 1990. [Restructuring of the coastal ecosystem of Bering Island under the influence of sea otter predation] // [Marine Mammals: Proceedings of the X All-USSR Conference on the Study, Protection and Rational Use of Marine Mammals]. Svetlogorsk. P.228–229 [in Russian].
• Ovsyanikova E.N., Altukhov A.A., Carswell L.P. & Kenner M.C. 2020. Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) abundance assessment for the Kuril Island population in Far Eastern Russia // Marine Mammal Science. Vol.36. No.3. P.1001–1009.
• Parsons K.M., Durban J.W., Burdin A.M., Burkanov V.N., Pitman R.L., Barlow J., Barrett-Lennard L.G., Leduc R.G., Robertson K.M. & Matkin C.O. 2013. Geographic patterns of genetic differentiation among killer whales in the northern North Pacific // Journal of Heredity. Vol.104. No.6. P.737–754.
• Ralls K., Eagle T.C. & Siniff D.B. 1996. Movement and spatial use patterns of California sea otters // Canadian Journal of Zoology. Vol.74. No.10. P.1841–1849.
• Ream R.R., Sterling J.T. & Loughlin T.R. 2005. Oceanographic features related to northern fur seal migratory movements // Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. Vol.52. No.5–6. P.823–843.
• Reeves R.R., Perrin W.F., Taylor B.L., Baker C.S. & Mesnick S.L. (eds.). 2004. Report of the Workshop on Shortcomings of Cetacean Taxonomy in Relation to Needs of Conservation and Management. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-363. La Jolla, California: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 94 p.
• Riedman M.L. & Estes J.A. 1988. A review of the history, distribution and foraging ecology of sea otters // VanBlaricom G.R. & Estes J.A. (eds.). The Community Ecology of Sea Otters. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Vol.65. P.4–21.
• Shpak O.V. 2012. Carnivorous killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the western Sea of Okhotsk: observations and questionnaire data // Marine Mammals of the Holarctic: 7th International Conference. Suzdal: MMC. P.17–21.
• Shulezhko T.S., Permyakov P.A., Ryazanov S.D. & Burkanov V.N. 2018. Bigg’s killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Kuril Islands // Aquatic Mammals. Vol.44. No.3. P.267–278.

Download PDF